Tensioning na Bolt na Slewing Bearing da Torque Wrench: Wace Hanya Ce Ke Ba da Cikakkiyar Lodawa Don Haƙa Ma'adanai na Shebur?

Dalilin da yasa daidaiton lodawa na Bolt ke da mahimmanci ga bearings na Slewing: Matsalar Lodawa Mara Daidaito Babu Wanda Ya Gani Har Sai Ya Fasa Nauyin Bearing

Na tsara tsarin tuƙi na slewing a Yining Hydraulic tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma haɗin slewing bearing bolt shine inda nake ganin babban gibi tsakanin manufar ƙayyadewa da aiwatar da filin.Ana ɗaure wani abu mai kama da ƙwallo a kan teburin haƙar ma'adinai mai nauyin tan 200 da ƙusoshi masu ƙarfi 40-60 (yawanci M42-M56, Class 10.9 ko 12.9) wanda aka shirya a cikin tsarin ƙusoshin zagaye na diamita mita 2-3.Kowace ƙulli dole ne ta riƙe takamaiman kayan da aka riga aka ɗora — yawanci kashi 60-70% na nauyin da ke hana ƙulli, wanda ya yi daidai da 400-600 kN na ƙulli na M48 Class 10.9 — don hana tseren ɗagawa daga saman hawa a ƙarƙashin lokacin juyawa da aka samar lokacin da aka ɗora babban abin da ke cikin felu da kuma faɗaɗa shi. Idan kayan da aka riga aka ɗora ba su daidaita ba, tseren ɗagawa yana fuskantar matsin lamba mara daidaituwa, kuma tseren yana canzawa a cikin gida ƙarƙashin kaya — yana haifar da yanayi da ake kira "brinelling" inda abubuwan da ke birgima suka shiga saman tseren, suna fara fashewa wanda ke ci gaba da zama gazawar ɗaukar nauyi cikin awanni 2,000-5,000 na aiki.

Matsalar daidaiton kayan da aka riga aka ɗora: hanyoyin makullin ƙarfin juyi suna amfani da ƙarfin juyi zuwa kan makullin ko goro, kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin juyi da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma tashin hankalin ƙulli da ya biyo baya ya dogara ne akan yawan gogayya a mahaɗa biyu - hulɗar zare da hulɗar ƙarƙashin kai (ko ƙarƙashin goro).Alaƙar ƙarfin juyi da tauri: T = K × F × d, inda ake amfani da ƙarfin juyi na T, K shine ma'aunin goro (yawanci 0.15-0.22 ga zaren ƙarfe mai mai), F shine matsin lamba da ya haifar da bugun juyi, kuma d shine diamita na ƙulli mara suna. Matsalar ita ce K ba ta canzawa ba ce - tana bambanta tsakanin ƙulli dangane da ƙarewar saman zare, yanayin shafawa, ko an riga an kunna ƙulli (zaren da aka sake amfani da su suna da ƙimar K mafi girma saboda an daidaita yanayin saman), da kuma ko akwai tarkace a cikin zaren.Kimantawa mai ma'ana game da bambancin K a yanayin filin shine +/-15-25%, wanda ke fassara kai tsaye zuwa +/-15-25% bambancin ƙwanƙwasa preload don ƙarfin juyi iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi.Ga ƙulli da ke buƙatar ƙarin 500 kN tare da K na 0.18 a d na 48mm: T = 0.18 × 500,000 × 0.048 = 4,320 Nm. Idan K ya bambanta tsakanin 0.15 da 0.22 a cikin da'irar ƙulli, Nm 4,320 iri ɗaya na ƙarfin juyi yana samar da ƙarin loads tsakanin 410 kN zuwa 600 kN - kashi 46% na bazawa tsakanin ƙulli mafi sassauƙa da mafi tauri. A cewarVDI 2230Ka'idojin lissafin haɗin gwiwa na tsarin ƙulli, matsewa mai sarrafa karfin juyi yana cimma watsawar kaya na +/-25-35% koda a ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka sarrafa, kuma yanayin filin yawanci yana ƙaruwa zuwa +/-35-50%.

Tashin hankali na Hydraulic Bolt: Yadda Miƙewa Kai Tsaye Ke Kawar da Canjin Ficewa

Tsarin haɗa ƙarfin lantarki (hydraulic bolt tensioning) yana kewaye juyawar karfin juyi zuwa matsin lamba gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da wani matsi na hydraulic da aka sani ga na'urar haɗa ƙarfin lantarki (tensioner) wadda ke jan ƙarfin lantarki kai tsaye a kan sandar ƙugiya, tana miƙe shi ta hanyar lanƙwasawa.Na'urar ƙara ƙarfin lantarki ta ƙunshi silinda mai jan zare wanda ke mannewa a kan tsawaita ƙugiyar (ƙugiyar dole ne ta sami tsawon zare da aka fallasa a sama da goro daidai da aƙalla diamita ɗaya na ƙugiya don mai ƙara ƙarfin lantarki ya riƙe), gada da ke ɗaurewa a saman haɗin gwiwa, da kuma soket wanda ke ba da damar a juya goro da hannu bayan an miƙa ƙugiyar. Jerin aiki: an sanya na'urar ƙara ƙarfin lantarki a kan ƙugiyar, ana sanya matsin lamba na hydraulic zuwa ƙimar da aka ƙayyade (ana iya ƙididdige ta daga yankin piston mai tasiri na na'urar ƙara ƙarfin lantarki), ƙugiyar tana miƙewa ta hanyar roba (0.1-0.3mm na tsayi don ƙugiya masu ɗaukar nauyi na yau da kullun), ana juya goro ta matse ta yatsa ta amfani da soket ta jikin na'urar ƙara ƙarfin lantarki, ana sakin matsin lamba na hydraulic, kuma ƙugiyar tana ƙoƙarin komawa ga tsawonta na asali - amma goro yana hana shi, yana ƙirƙirar ƙarin kayan da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙugiyar.

Daidaiton ƙarfin hydraulic: +/-5-10%, idan aka kwatanta da +/-25-35% don hanyoyin makullin karfin juyi.Daidaiton ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa matsin lamba na ƙwanƙwasa yana sarrafawa ta hanyar matsi na hydraulic, wanda ake aunawa kuma ana daidaita shi da daidaiton +/-1-2% ta hanyar ma'aunin matsin lamba ko na'urar transducer na famfon mai tayar da hankali. Modulus mai laushi na ƙwanƙwasa (modulus na Young, 207 GPa don ƙarfe mai ƙarfe) yana daidai da +/-2% ga ƙwanƙwasa daga wurin maganin zafi iri ɗaya. Canjin da kawai yake canzawa shine tsawon matsewa mai tasiri (tsawon ƙwanƙwasa tsakanin goro da zaren da aka fara ɗauka), wanda ya bambanta da +/-3-5% dangane da zurfin haɗin zare da tsawon riƙon ƙwanƙwasa.Kuskuren da ya rage a cikin shigar da ƙarin ƙarfi ya fito ne daga tushe biyu:(1) sassauta ƙulli bayan sakin tashin hankali (haɗin yana matsewa lokacin da aka cire mai tayar da hankali, yana rage tashin hankalin ƙulli da kashi 5-10% - wanda aka yi la'akari da shi ta hanyar amfani da kashi 5-10% na tashin hankali yayin wucewar tashin hankali), da kuma (2) hulɗar ƙulli da ke kusa (ƙulli mai tayar da hankali #2 yana rage tashin hankali a ƙulli #1 da kashi 10-15% saboda tashin hankalin ƙulli #2 yana ƙara matse haɗin gwiwa, ƙulli mai kwantar da hankali #1 - wanda aka magance ta hanyar wucewar tashin hankali 3-4).ASME PCC-1Ka'idojin haɗa haɗin gwiwa da aka yi da bel, ƙarfin hydraulic shine hanyar da aka fi so ga haɗin haɗin gwiwa masu girman diamita waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaiton shigarwa na +/- 10% ko mafi kyau.

Takaddun Shaida na Tensioning: Tsarin Kafa 3-4 Babu Wanda Yake Son Yi Amma Kowa Yana Bukatarsa

Wucewa ɗaya tilo ta hanyar motsa jiki — inda kowane ƙulli ke da tauri sau ɗaya a kusa da da'irar — yana samar da bambance-bambancen da aka riga aka ɗora na 30-50% saboda kowane ƙulli mai tauri yana matse haɗin gwiwa kuma yana sassauta ƙullin da aka riga aka yi ta motsa jiki.Tsarin: lokacin da aka matsa ƙugiya #1 zuwa 500 kN, yana matse haɗin a kusa da ƙugiya #1. Lokacin da aka matsa ƙugiya #2 (kusa da ƙugiya #1), ƙarin matsewar haɗin a yankin da ke tsakanin ƙugiya #1 da #2 yana sa kauri haɗin a yankin matse ƙugiya #1 ya ragu kaɗan - yana rage matsin lambar ƙugiya #1 da kusan 10-15%. Yayin da matsin lambar ke ci gaba a kusa da da'irar, kowane ƙugiya yana rasa tashin hankali a hankali, kuma matsin lambar farko yana rasa mafi yawan - yawanci yana ƙarewa da kashi 50-60% na tashin hankalin farko bayan an ƙara matsin lambar duk ƙugiya a cikin da'irar.

Tsarin daidaita matsin lamba: 3-4 suna wucewa a kusa da da'irar ƙulli, tare da wucewa ta farko a kashi 50-60% na matsin lamba na ƙarshe don zama haɗin gwiwa, sannan kuma wucewa ta gaba a kashi 100% na matsin lamba na ƙarshe.Wucewa ta 1: matse dukkan ƙusoshin zuwa kashi 60% na kayan da aka riga aka ɗauka na ƙarshe (misali, 300 kN don takamaiman 500 kN) - wannan yana ɗaukar haɗin gwiwa kaɗan kuma yana rage tasirin shakatawa a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Wucewa ta 2: matse dukkan ƙusoshin zuwa kashi 100% na kayan da aka riga aka ɗauka na ƙarshe (500 kN). Wucewa ta 3: sake matse duk ƙusoshin zuwa kashi 100% na kayan da aka riga aka ɗauka na ƙarshe - wannan wucewa yawanci yana dawo da matsin lamba 10-15% a cikin ƙusoshin rabin farko waɗanda suka sassauta yayin wucewa ta 2, kuma tasirin shakatawa a cikin wucewa ta 3 an rage shi zuwa 3-5% saboda haɗin gwiwar yanzu ya cika. Wucewa ta 4 (zaɓi ne amma ana ba da shawarar ga mahaɗan masu mahimmanci): sake matsewa zuwa 100% kuma tabbatar da cewa babu ƙusoshin da suka rasa matsin lamba fiye da 5% tsakanin matsewa da ma'aunin tabbatarwa (ta amfani da ma'aunin tsawaita ƙusoshin ultrasonic idan akwai).Yin amfani da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, hanyoyin shigar da na'urar mu ta sluwing drive sun haɗa da ƙa'idar sluwing drive mai pass 4 don duk haɗin sluwing bearing bolt akan kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai, kuma muna ba da famfon tensioning, tensioner, da takaddun tsari tare da kowane isar da sluwing drive.

Shirye-shiryen Bolt: Abubuwa Uku Da Ke Sanya Cikakken Tsarin Tashin Hankali Ya Zama Haɗin Haɗi Da Ya Faru

Ko da tare da matsin lamba na hydraulic, abubuwan shirya bolts guda uku na iya rage ainihin kayan da aka riga aka ɗora zuwa 50-70% na ƙimar da aka ƙayyade, kuma duk ukun galibi ana yin watsi da su yayin shigar da filin.Abu na ɗaya: shafa man shafawa na zare - dole ne a shafa zaren ƙugiya da saman abin da ke ɗauke da goro da man shafawa da aka ƙayyade (yawanci molybdenum disulfide manna, mahaɗin hana kamawa, ko man shafawa da masana'antar ƙugiya ta ba da shawarar) don cimma daidaiton gogayya tsakanin zare. Busassun zare ko zare da aka shafa da man shafawa daban-daban fiye da wanda aka ƙayyade suna canza ma'aunin gogayya kuma suna canza juriyar goro, wanda ke sa goro ya ɗan sassauta yayin sakin tashin hankali. Abu na biyu: tsawon riƙon ƙugiya - shaƙar ƙugiya da ba a zare ba tsakanin kai da zaren farko da aka ɗaure dole ne ya zama aƙalla sau 3-4 diamita na ƙugiya don ƙugiya ta miƙe ta hanyar roba tare da madaidaicin saurin bazara. Kugiya mai tsawon riƙo ƙasa da sau 2 diamita yana da saurin bazara mai yawa, ma'ana yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin tashin hankali don tsawaitawa iri ɗaya kuma yana da sauƙin shakatawa. Abu na uku: faɗin saman haɗin gwiwa - saman da ke ƙarƙashin kan ƙugiya da goro dole ne su kasance a kwance cikin 0.1mm akan diamita na ɗaukar nauyi. Fuskar da ba ta da faɗi tana haifar da damuwa mai lanƙwasa a cikin ƙullin baya ga damuwa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke rage ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin ƙullin da kuma gajiya da kashi 30-50%.

Tabbatarwa bayan an yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki: Ana iya tabbatar da ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar auna tsawon ƙarfin lantarki ta amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfin lantarki (hanyar bugun jini-echo, auna lokacin dawowar bugun lantarki ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin lantarki).Ma'aunin tsawaitawa kafin da kuma bayan tayar da hankali yana ba da ainihin matsi na ƙugiya, wanda aka ninka shi da yankin giciye na ƙugiya da kuma tsarin Young yana ba da ainihin matsi na ƙugiya. Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar aunawa kai tsaye don shigar da ƙugiya kafin shigar da ita - auna ƙarfin juyi (duba ƙarfin juyi) ba ya haɗuwa da shigar da farko da zarar an tayar da ƙugiya saboda gogayya mai tsauri (ƙarfin juyi) ya fi gogayya mai ƙarfi yayin matsi.Yin amfani da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwaMuna ba da shawarar tabbatar da tsawaita ƙugiya ta ultrasonic don ƙugiya masu ɗaukar nauyi akan shebur masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda diamitansu ya wuce mita 2.5, inda rashin daidaituwar ɗaukar nauyi yana haifar da rashin daidaituwar nauyin ɗagawa wanda ba za a iya gano shi ba har sai gazawar ɗagawa ta fara. Duba jagorarmu akanhaɗakar gearbox da hawawadon ƙarin jagorar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙulli.

Nassoshi na Waje: Lissafin Haɗin Bolt na VDI 2230 · Haɗaɗɗun Haɗaɗɗun ASME PCC-1 · Rarraba DNV · Tsarin Na'urar Haɗakarwa ta ISO 4413 · SAE na Ƙasa da Ƙasa · Ma'aunin AGMA · Dokokin ABS

Gargaɗi na ƙarshe daga shekaru goma sha biyar na aikin tuƙi: kada a sake amfani da ƙusoshin bearing na sluwing bayan an cire su. Ƙofofin da aka cika cikawa suna fuskantar lalacewar filastik a cikin zare na farko da aka haɗa, kuma sake haɗa ƙusoshin da aka yi amfani da su yana haifar da ɗaukar kaya da ba a iya faɗi ba - yawanci ƙasa da kashi 15-25% fiye da sabon ƙusoshin don matsin lamba iri ɗaya - saboda yankin nakasar filastik ya ƙara tsawon matsewa mai inganci.

Don takamaiman buƙatun bultin bearing, shawarwarin kayan aiki na tensioning, ko tabbatar da ƙirar haɗin gwiwa na bultin na musamman, tuntuɓi ƙungiyar injiniyanmu a Yining Hydraulic - muna da kayan aikin tensioning da takaddun tsari da aka shirya don takamaiman samfurin tuƙin bultin ɗinku.